Mass Media Such As Television, Newspapers, And Internet

Mass media such as television, newspapers, and internet are the center of the public s communication and entertainment. Society relies heavily on mass media for their news, education, entertainment, and their socialization. It can inspire, persuade, and change the behavior of the audience depending on the objective. The public is often misinformed and uninformed by media outlets to control the information that reaches the public. As technology continues to grow, access to mass media continues to grow as well. Society has 24/7 access to news at all time whether it be on television, computer, cell phone and so on. The constant access also means the public has devices readily available to shine a light on things happening around them that†¦show more content†¦With the media’s ability to control the news, they play a significant role in politics. Citizens rely on mass media to keep them informed on political issues so that they can form an opinion about current events an d vote accordingly in polls. Unfortunately, according to Graber and Dunaway (2015), Like caricatures, media stories often create skewed impressions because they cannot report most stories in detail or full context. The lack of truth and details gives citizens the wrong idea of what is happening and a false impression of people represented in the stories. Therefore, the citizens remain uneducated and uninformed in regards to political issues and politicians, so they are unable to make the decisions needed to better the economy and the future. During the 2016 Presidential campaign between nominees, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, there was a tremendous amount of news stories spreading around the country. These stories had no evidence or facts to support their claims. Both candidates were depicted in situations that were untrue. Many false news sites published articles giving the public the impression that Hillary Clinton was heading to prison following an e-mail investigation by t he Federal Bureau of Investigation. Many fake news stories were shared about Donald Trump such as a story stating that Pope Francis endorsed him. The stories continuedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Digital Media On Society s Media1714 Words   |  7 Pagesundeniable that the society is experiencing a mediated culture, where mass media have direct effects on our society. Newspapers, magazines, radios, and televisions constantly give out messages to promote products, attitudes, and ideas in an attempt to influence audiences. The effect is further enhanced when digital media, particularly the Internet, enters the competition for the limited supply of audience attention. The saturated mass media industry no longer has the benefit of reach it used to have, especiallyRead MoreHistory of Mass Media1150 Words   |  5 PagesHISTORY OF MASS MEDIA UNIT PLAN LECTURE AND TUTORIAL:- DAY : MONDAY TIME : 8.00 to 11.00 am ROOM : R4.2 OBJECTIVE To introduce students to the historical development of media, including books, newspapers, magazines, radio and TV broadcasting and cinema. Students will be able to trace the emergence of modern media institutions from their historical roots and discuss the impact of social and technological change. This will be ableRead MoreDevelopments in the Last Century1046 Words   |  5 PagesLast Century Brenda Steger Hum/186 Media Influences On American Culture June 8, 2013 Dr. Victoria Yancey Developments In The Last Century In detail this paper will show how the media played an important role in the culture today. It will answer the questions What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media in the last century? It will also ask How did each development influence American culture? And What is ment by the term media convergence and how it affected everydayRead MoreMass Media Influence On American Culture878 Words   |  4 Pagesin the evolution of Mass Media The new era of technology led to major developments in the evolution of mass media, worldwide. In our society, we originally communicated orally before the Internet and wireless devices existed. Individuals relied on traditional forms of mass media, such as the television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, to attain knowledge of the outside world. Thereafter, the development of new forms mass media evolved, and we were introduced to the Internet and other wirelessRead MoreEssay on Development of Mass Media1402 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of mass media exist: radio, television, film, internet, email, blogs etc. Yet how these forms of media contribute to the growth of media, was never asked? Some would say that its solely because of the variety mediums, some would say that mediums was built for the 20th century, and some would say that mediums were destined and directed to grow to this point. Ever since the first form of mass media in the late 15th century called print, the dynamics of mass media continued to blossom. Mass mediaRead MoreThe Evolution Of Mass Media786 Words   |  4 Pages The Evolution of Mass Media De’Boria Claiborne-Lowery University of Phoenix HUM/186 Instructor Allyson Wells December 4, 2017 The Evolution of Mass Media The mass media are critical players in the American political system. Media is seen in many forms nowadays such as television, radio, social media, newspapers, magazine, etc. The media affects people in varied ways, some are positive and others are negative. A positive aspectRead MoreEssay about Immigration and the Media1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthese people began a mass assimilation of cultural ideology and customs into the United States. With recent technological advancements, such as television and the internet, news and information can be widely shared concerning immigration. With the continual increase of news programs, Americans today are often bombarded with all sorts of pressing issues in todays society- but, how do you decide where to get information about issues such as immigration? In todays major media installments, the attentionRead MoreEvolution of Mass Communications Essay examples1151 Words   |  5 Pagesevolution of mass communications has gone through majo r developments; from etching the beginnings of an alphabet into a rock the size of a standard dinner table to letting a computer recognize words spoken into a speaker as it types away what it hears. Dating back to around 1700 B.C. when the first alphabet was said to come into existence, society has come far in different fields of communications. Nothing made as large of an impact in the world of communications as the revolution of the Internet. AlthoughRead MoreMass Media Milestone1700 Words   |  7 PagesMilestone in the history of mass media The first variation of a newspaper was published in Rome in 59 BC. It was a daily sheet that Julius Caesar ordered to be distributed all over the city. However, the first newspaper was printed in Beijing in 746 (Flanagin, 452). Also, a forty-two-page bible was published two years later after a German poet used a printing press to post a poem. This was a significant period that marked the beginning of mass media production. Mass media refers to a communicationRead MoreMass Media855 Words   |  4 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Nakishia White HUM/186 Professor: Allyson Wells Effects of Mass Media Different forms of media have been around for centuries. There have been drastic changes in the use of radio, television, computers, and more over the years. The developments have had significant influences on American culture. As the use of mass media continues to evolve, so will the way we interpret, view, and use them. Newspaper Magazines Mass media over the century has grown from

Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled By Law. - 4015 Words

Should genetic engineering be controlled by law By Ezekiel Abbott English IV Honors Mr. Wilson Period 6 March 14, 2017 The government should oversee genetic engineer for the good of the people. Genetic engineering(also called genetic modification) is the process†¦show more content†¦Glow in the dark cats.Glow in the dark cats was created in order to help fight aids. The glow in the dark cat were cats who caught aids.A group of scientist wanted to discover a way to cure aids and we needed a species that caught aids we didn’t use humans but cats. Scientist first start by injecting one cell with a genes cloning from the skin then when results is acceptable they then inject a modified nucleus into an egg cell of the female cat. Then the results was successful the cat were given the ability to beat aids and they glow in the dark. Pollution fighting plant are genetically modified plants and trees the help remove toxins in the atmosphere. For more without much trouble than a decade scientist were wondering what was can we remove toxins in the atmosphere a researcher from a plan t biologist of the university of Washington. Scientist then worked of different plant plundering until they found a solution called phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is basically a solar powered pollutant removing system this system has an advantage over other pollutant removing system is its cheaper and easier to useShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering Should Be Controlled By Law1323 Words   |  6 Pages This paper explores scientists points of view about genetic engineering. Some of them are sure that it should not be controlled by law; others consider that genetic engineering has crossed the line and as a result should be limited. Nobody doubts that with the help of genetic engineering we can treat some diseases, change the appearance of our offspring and even give infertile women an opportunity to have children. But genetic engineering has also an opposite side. The case is that scientistsRead MoreShould Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?2870 Words   |  12 PagesMy topic: Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law? Table of Contents 1. Abstract of this research paper. 2. What is genetic engineeringï ¼Å¸ 3. What kinds of ethical problems are there? 4. Freedom of scholarship. 5. Innovative remedy for obstinate diseases. 6. Solutions for ethical problems. 7. Conclusion including my prospects. 8. References Abstract of the research paper Read MoreEssay about Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?992 Words   |  4 PagesShould Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law? â€Å"Just as the success of a corporate body in making money need not set the human condition ahead, neither does every scientific advance automatically make our lives more meaningful† ( Professor George Wald, Noble Prize winning biologist, The Dangers of Genetic Engineeering 1976, p.45) . Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes. It uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter theRead MoreEthics of Genetic Engineering Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Genetic Engineering Within the last two decades scientists have developed several new techniques, which manipulate and alter the genes found in the cells of living organisms. This wonder of the century, genetic engineering has turned heredity --the passing of inheritable characteristics from parent to off spring- from a natural, random event into a process that can be artificially controlled and exploited. It has the potential of giving humanity unprecedented power over life itselfRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Engineered Food1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe alteration of plant and animal genetic codes for the ultimate purpose of increasing food abundance is an increasingly popular, yet controversial practice in the 21st century. Genetic engineering of food is done for a number of reasons, the biggest of which is increasing food supplies in the world, especially for the third world countries. However, there are arguments and even activist movements against genetic engineering of food, which begs the q uestion â€Å"why is genetically engineered food soRead MoreThe Human Genome Project ( Hgp )1000 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering The Human Genome Project (HGP) completely mapped human DNA for the first time in April, 2003. In addition, the HGP revealed that there are probably about 20,500 human genes, which is significantly fewer than originally predicted. This ultimate product of the HGP has given the world a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can be thought of as the basic set of inheritable instructionsRead MoreThe Eugenics Movement By Sir Francis Galton1680 Words   |  7 Pagesa very real possibility. Genetic traits can be manipulated or screened for, slightly altering the gene pool of the babies that are born. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both the United States of America and Nazi Germany both took the idea of eugenics and ran with it, implementing sterilization laws that would prevent the so-called â€Å"feeble-minded† from reproducing. One such person was Carrie Buck, a 17-year old girl living in Virginia when sterilization laws were implemented. Her motherRead MoreModern Society Issues Mirrored in Frankenstein1396 Words   |  6 Pagesare so deeply engraved in human society that they remain leading issues amongst people, despite the changes encompassing their day-to-day life brought on by the passing of time. One of the major issues in Frankenstein is crime. Whether it is genetic engineering or murder, these crimes still hold their place in society today. Another crime of sorts expressed in Frankenstein that is a prominent issue today is the abandonment of children by both paternal and maternal units. This leads to abandonment issuesRead MoreEssay about Human Ge netic Engineering1609 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Genetic Engineering Human Genetic Engineering is the alteration of genetic material. As science is improving as so does our need to make the world a â€Å"better† place. Technological advancements have let us cloned many animals but the next step you say? The next step is human engineering, as humans of perfection; we are always trying to find ways to make things better than others. They are able to manipulate the human genome and to cure the world of diseases. Scientists are able to make theRead MoreExternal And Strategic Management Audit1145 Words   |  5 PagesExternal strategic management audit, also known as external audit, is the identification and evaluation of events that cannot be controlled by the organization. For example, population shift, increased domestic and foreign competition, the revolution of technology and computer information, etc. To perform an external audit, it a difficult process to do so, because it covers a lot of information to analyze. The external audit shows the important opportunity and threats the company might face, which

Empoyee Motivation Theories And Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Empoyee Motivation Theories And Process. Answer: Empoyee Motivation Motivation is the process of increasing perfoemance through creating conditons that meet the conditions of employees. Lecture slides present theories of motivation by focusing on positive reinforcement factors through extrinsinc rewards and at the same time meeting intrisinc factors needed by employee. The theories presented are reinforcement theory, Hezbergs two factor theory and Masslows hierachy of needs. In the video Pink (2009), analyzes the failures of positive reinforcement through the reward system by giving examples on how use of the reward system filed. To him, the talk is about the puzzle of motivation presented as a battle between intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators, autonomy, mastery and purpose against carrot and sticks. This essay analyses similarities and differences between the two resources on motivation. The key argument put forward by Pink (2009) is the use of intrinsic motivation patterns that have been partly discussed in the lecture slides. In the notes, there is the Herzbergs two factor theory which talks about intrinsic factors that appear in motivation. In the video, the argument is based on the use of autonomy and intrinsic factors to motivate employees. Autonomy has been used as a factor that motivates employees by giving them the freedom to work the way they want (Schultz Schultz, 2010). For example, the results only work environment was used as an illustration of how autonomy can motivate employees to achieve better results. The lecture slides points out on the use of motivation factor in the theory to establish conditions that make the employee motivated. These conditions include satisfaction, recognition and the work itself. This similarity appears in both when employee conditions are simplified to allow the employee to make choices in their own work. The common factor that links the two resources is the creation of work conditions and autonomy that allows the employee to enjoy the work environment and yield more results. However, the video highlights how reinforcement patterns of using rewards have failed to bear the expected results. Pink (2009) in the video argues that rewards do not always lead to positive results or improved outcomes since there are internal factors that push employees to work harder such factors do not rely on reinforcement but rather creating conditions that make the work environment better Yusoff, Kian, Idris (2013. The lecture slides talk of reinforcement that is sued to satisfy the needs of employees as a way of keeping them motivated. Further, Khan (2016) suggests that Maslows hierarchy of needs is used to justify how meeting employee needs motivates them to work harder. At the bottom level of the hierarchy, employees are struggling to meet their physiological and biological needs, thus supporting them to meet such needs can motivate them. However, in the video experiments in India indicted how reinforcement rewards failed to bear fruits. The lecture slides support the the ories of rewards reinforcement as a way of motivating employees. The lecture slides and the video are connected through the idea of creating work conditions that allow the employees to maximize their potential. This is through autonomy and good working conditions that increase individual achievement. On the other other hand, the video criticizes the use of rewards by showing examples of failed cases where rewards have been used to motivate employees but failed. Therefore, the video and the slides have some differences and at the same time some similarity. References Khan, M. (2016). Developing a supportive and inclusive workplace culture in Bangladesh. The Daily Star. Pink, D. (Producer), Pink, D. (Director). (2009). The puzzle of motivation [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation/transcript?language=en#t-1075111 Schultz, D. P., Schultz, S. E. (2010). Psychology and Work Today: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York City: Prentice Hall. Yusoff, W. F., Kian, T. S., Idris, M. T. (2013). Herzbergs Two Factors Theory on Work Motivation: Does Its Work for Todays Environment? Global Journal of Commerce Management Perspective, 2(5), 18-22.

Is Wal-Mart Good for America free essay sample

This direct quote from Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, was placed at the top of their website to nform its consumers of their general management philosophy. It is meant to instill a feeling of comfort that such an enormous multinational retailer still manages to hold on to its small town founders values. Provide people with the lowest possible prices on items that they need, whatever the cost. This slogan of always providing the lowest prices has made Wal-Mart the largest retailer on the planet and they generate billions of dollars in profit annually. But is Wal-Mart good for America? On the surface it would seem that providing a customer with an item at the lowest possible revailing question, one must more closely examine the mechanisms by which Wal- Mart is able to provide merchandise at such bargain basement prices. Providing people the lowest possible prices, whatever the cost. In this case, these low prices are being provided at the cost of the environment, Wal-Mart vendors, Wal-Mart employees, and even the American taxpayer. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Wal-Mart Good for America? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the Wal-Martization of America is forcing businesses to outsource their Jobs oversees Just to stay solvent, it creates a problem here back home of people not being able to pay their bills and maintain adequate living standards. Is Wal-Mart creating the greatest good for the greatest number? Or are they Just creating the greatest good for their executives and investors? This reflection paper will attempt to analyze and answer these questions as we dive deep into the culture of Wal-Mart and its effect on society domestically, as well as globally. The two dominant points of view used to analyze corporations and their overall purpose could be summarized by the terms stockholder and stakeholder management. The former was championed by the well-known economist Milton Friedman. He believed that a corporations primary and perhaps ole purpose is to maximize profits for stockholders (Arnold, Beauchamp Bowie, 2013) Friedman would view Wal-Mart as a corporation that acts solely in the best interest of their stockholders. Wal-Mart is notorious for not paying their employees very high wages and not offering much to their employees in terms of retirement benefits and health care coverage. At least when compared to other successful competitors such as Costco, Wal-Mart clearly comes up short in this department. The latter point of view mentioned was made popular by Edward Freeman in his essay, Managing for Stakeholders. In it he argues that the primary responsibility of the executive is to create as much value for stakeholders as possible, and that no stakeholder interest is viable in isolation of the other stakeholders. (Freeman, 2007) When we speak of stakeholders, we are referring to the five basic groups that stand to gain or lose from corporations. These groups are customers, suppliers, employees, the local community and the stockholders. Freeman argues that no one stakeholders interest should be taken at the expense of the others and that all must be considered by a corporation when it comes to maki ng the best decision. While the Friedmanite view has been seen as the classical dominant view on corporations and their purpose, the stakeholder view on management has been gaining speed over the last thirty years and cannot be underestimated or undervalued these days as companies struggle to stay competitive in a massive global economy. In terms of all stakeholders involved, both Friedman and Freeman would agree that Wal-Mart is acting in the best interest of their stockholders primarily. This benefit to the shareholders is at the expense of all the other stakeholders. The customers will suffer due to the lack of uality of items purchased. Wal-Mart outsources a great deal of their production to China to save on labor and production costs. As a result, the common saying you get what you pay for holds true. These items that Wal-Mart sells in their stores tend to be of inferior quality, and that quality is passed on to the consumer. The employees suffer because they are not able to earn a decent wage to live on. According to an article written by Wayne Cascio, Decency Means More Than Always Low Prices: A Comparison of Costco to Wal-Marts Sams Club, he indicates that The age is hardly enough to live on these days with gas prices where they are and the average cost of living going up. I know I couldnt live on 10 dollars per hour. These low wages actually end up costing the American tax payer in the forms government assistance programs such as Medicaid and food stamps. In a study conducted by the Institute for Labor and Employment at the University of California, Berkeley, taxpayers subsidized $20. million for medical care for Wal-Mart employees in that state alone. (Cascio, 2006) Suppliers suffer because they are forced to accept the ontracts that Wal-Mart offers them to provide their products in their stores that essentially eat up their profits. The local community suffers because when a new Wal-Mart is built, smaller stores struggle to stay competitive due to the fact they cant keep up wit h the prices that Wal-Mart charges for their product. They do not have the ability to outsource production and so they eventually go out of business. While Friedman and Freeman would believe that Wal-Mart is primarily serving the interests of their stockholders while disregarding all other stakeholders, John Boatright would ffer an alternative hypothesis on the issue. In his article, whats wrong-and whats right-with stakeholder management, he argues that a business organization in which managers act in the interest of the shareholders can also be one that, at the same time, benefits all stakeholder groups. (Boatright, 2013) He goes on to provide his definition of what a firm is and what their purpose should be. Boatright defines a firm s a nexus of contracts between a legal entity called a firm and its various constituencies, which include employees, customers, suppliers, investors, and other roups. (Boatright, 2013) It is believed that by each group providing their own services in a Joint effort with a firm, that the greatest financial return will be achieved. From Boatrights point of view, he would view the business philosop hy of Wal-Mart as one that does benefit all the stakeholders. Customers benefit by having more purchasing power. They can walk into a Wal-Mart and purchase more items than they could at any other retailer.

James Weldon Johnson essays

James Weldon Johnson essays James Weldon Johnson was born in Jacksonville, Florida on June 17, 1871. He was the second of three children. Johnson was an American author, lawyer, and diplomat. He was educated at Atlanta and Columbia universities. In 1898 he became the first black lawyer admitted to the bar in Duval County, Florida. He practiced law in Florida until 1902. In that year Johnson moved to New York, and collaborated on the well-known song, Lift Every Voice and Sing. Later Johnson served as U.S. consul in Venezuela from 1906 to 1909 and in Nicaragua from 1909 to 1912. This is the year that The Autobiography of an Ex- Coloured Man was published. The Autobiography of an Ex- Coloured Man was Johnsons best-known book. This novel examined race relations in the United States through its narrator who wrestles with the question of his racial identity. This is the story of a nameless protagonist who, because his physical appearance is not identifiably black he is able to assume the identity of a white American and pass. As I analyze Johnsons work there are several critical concepts that apply to this particular piece of work. I would like to examine double consciousness, and passing. In the book The Autobiography of an Ex- Coloured Man, the narrator is extremely light-skinned, and the truth of his race is kept from him. His mother raised him. She was a seamstress and a former servant. His father was her white master. They moved from Georgia to Connecticut at an early age, there Johnson learned from his teacher that he was black. This discovery was a traumatic one for him. As he adjusts to that information he gets into literature and music to find his identity and heritage. The first thing that this powerful piece of writing explores is the idea of Double Consciousness. Double Consciousness is the sense of looking at ones self through the eyes of others, of measuring ones soul by ...

The Complete History of Hip Hop

The Complete History of Hip Hop SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Although widely synonymous with rap music today, hip-hop actually got its start as a full-on cultural movement in the 1970s. For the first few decades that the term was around, hip-hop wasn’t just about music: it also referred to art, style, dance, and philosophy. In this article, we cover the full history of hip hop dance and music and include a helpful hip hop history timeline for reference. Origins of Hip Hop Hip hop (or hip-hop, the two can be used interchangeably) began as a culture and art movement in the Bronx, where demographics were rapidly shifting in the early 1970s. During the 1950s and 60s, many white, middle-class people left the cities to move to the suburbs. The African Americans and Latino Americans that were left behind in cities (or who moved to the cities in the intervening years) encountered many challenges in their neighborhoods, as budgets were slashed and resources diverted to the wealthier, whiter communities. Faced with a lack of economic opportunity, as well as rising crime and poverty rates, the young people in the Bronx and nearby communities began creating their own kinds of cultural expressions. These forms of expression would come together to form the four pillars of hip hop. The 4 Main Elements of Hip Hop Music Most scholars agree that there are four main elements, or pillars, to hip hop music. These pillars originated in the 1970s and continue to represent hip hop culture today: Deejaying: making music using record players, turntables, and DJ mixers Rapping: rhythmic vocal rhyming style Graffiti painting: also known as â€Å"graf† or â€Å"writing† Break dancing: a form of dance that also encompasses an overall attitude and style All four of these elements remain signifiers of hip hop as a larger cultural movement. Hip hop is typically broken into three phases: old school, new school, and 21st century. Old School Hip Hop Old school hip hop typically dates from the origination of the movement in the early 1970s up until the mid-1980s. The first major hip hop deejay was DJ Kool Herc. Mixing percussive beats with popular dance songs, Kool Herc was instrumental in developing the sounds that became synonymous with hip hop, such as drum beats and record scratches. Influenced by Kool Herc and his peers, hip hop deejays developed new turntable techniques, like needle dropping and scratching. Kool Herc also popularized rapping, which drew upon the traditions of West African griots, talking blues songs, and black power poetry, among others. Towards the end of the old school hip hop era, the movement began to gain national recognition. The Sugarhill Gang’s song â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† (released in 1979) rocketed up the national music charts, ushering in a new wave of musicians, artists, and performers, while also introducing people around the world to this new type of music. New School Hip Hop By the mid-1980s, hip hop had firmly entered its new school era. The names that headed up hip hop’s new school are more recognizable to a contemporary audience: Run-D.M.C, LL Cool J, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. Each of these artists is responsible for making hip hop what we know today. Run-D.M.C brought hip hop to a larger audience through performances on MTV. The Beastie Boys pushed deejaying further with their digital sampling. LL Cool J and Public Enemy pushed rap in new directions: LL Cool J by bringing romantic themes into hip hop and Public Enemy by using rap to push forward political ideology. Other artists that came of age during hip hop’s new school era include Queen Latifah, who, along with Salt-n-Pepa, brought women into the genre, the Fresh Prince, aka, Will Smith, and M.C. Hammer, all of whom popularized hip hop music even more. As hip hop grew in popularity, it expanded beyond its regional roots, too. In 1989, N.W.A’s Straight Outta Compton became the most prominent hip hop album to emerge from somewhere besides New York City. The East Coast - West Coast divide evolved into a full-on rivalry between the two groups, which ended with the unsolved murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. From the ashes of the rivalry between the East and West Coasts came late 1990s hip hop, which saw artists like the Wu-Tang Clan, the Fugees, and Diddy reach new levels of popularity. Hip hop became a worldwide phenomenon at this point, too, with new audiences and artists emerging in places like Tokyo, Cape Town, London, and Paris. By the turn of the century, hip hop was the best-selling music genre in the United States. Hip Hop in the 21st Century The 21st century was a tough time for the music industry. The advent of streaming services affected all genres, including hip hop. Despite the monetary effects of the shift in music delivery, hip hop retains its prominence, influencing musicians of all genres. Over the last decade or so, hip hop has moved further from its East and West coast roots. New epicenters for the genre have emerged in New Orleans, Atlanta, Houston, and Detroit, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Building off of the original four pillars that defined the genre, hip hop artists touch every part of American culture, from dance (think Beyonce’s show-stopping productions) to fashion (where artists like Kanye West have launched lines) to politics (Barack Obama referenced Jay Z several times during his 2008 campaign). While the future of the music industry remains uncertain, one thing’s for sure: hip hop is here to stay. Major Moments in Hip Hop History Throughout hip hop’s history there have been major moments, from the first time a drummer used a break beat on a record to the first time a hip hop album went platinum. Here are some of the major moments in hip hop history. Year Event 1925 Dancer Earl Tucker (also known as Snake Hips) incorporates floats and slides into his dancing, which would later inspire breakdancing. 1962 James Brown’s drummer, Clayton Fillyau, uses the break beat on the record Live at the Apollo. These beats would later influence break dancers. 1965 Muhammad Ali delivers one of the earliest rap lines before his bout against Sonny Liston. 1969 James Brown records â€Å"Sex Machines† and â€Å"Funky Drummer.† Both songs would later influence percussion in hip hop. 1970 Hip hop first appears in the Bronx. 1973 DJ Kool Herc deejays his first block party in the Bronx. 1974 After watching DJ Kool Herc, other DJs start playing in similar styles around the Bronx. DJ Pleaser Lovebug Starski first refers to this movement as â€Å"hip-hop.† 1975 DJ Grand Wizard Theodore invents the record scratch. 1976 DJ Afrika Bambaataa battles Disco King Mario in the first DJ battle. 1978 The music industry first uses the term â€Å"rap music,† which shifts the focus in hip hop from the deejays to the emcees. 1983 Ice T pioneers rap on the West Coast. Michael Jackson does the moonwalk, borrowing from b-boy dance moves. 1984 The Fresh Fest concert, a hip hop tour featuring artists like Run D.M.C, nets $3.5 million. Hip hop has arrived. 1985 Salt-n-Pepa enters the scene as one of the first female rap groups. 1986 The Beastie Boys release Licensed to Ill. 1987 Public Enemy releases Yo! Bum Rush The Show. 1988 N.W.A releases Straight Outta Compton. 1989 A group of friends in Manhattan forms A Tribe Called Quest. D.O.C releases No One Can Do It Better. 1991 N.W.A sells nearly one million copies of N****z For Life in its first week of release. 1992 Dr. Dre’s album, The Chronic, goes multi platinum. Wu-Tang clan release 36 Chambers. 1995 Queen Latifah wins a Grammy award from Best Rap Solo Performance. 1996 Jay-Z releases Reasonable Doubt. The Fugees’ album, The Score, wins two Grammys and debuts at number one. Tupac Shakur is fatally shot. 1997 Missy Elliott releases Supa Dupa Fly. Notorious B.I.G is shot and killed. 1998 Lauryn Hill’s solo album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, earns 11 Grammy nominations and five wins. 1999 Eminem sells four million copies of The Slim Shady LP. 2000 Dr. Dre sues Napster. 2002 Talib Kweli debuts his solo album and introduces himself as a political voice. 2003 Eminem faces controversy and opens up debate about hip-hop and racism after being caught using the N-word. Federal investigators raid the offices of Murder Inc. 2004 Dr. Dre gets punched in the face at the 2004 Vibe Awards ceremony. 2008 Jay-Z becomes the first rapper to headline Glastonbury, the largest greenfield music and performing arts festival in the world. 2010 Nicki Minaj releases Pink Friday, which hits number one on the US charts. 2018 Kanye West releases his eighth studio album, Ye, which debuts at number one. What's Next? If you're looking for something fun to do tonight, this slime recipe might be exactly what you need. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Business report of Tesco Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business report of Tesco - Coursework Example Murcott (2009, pg 244)claims that the magnitude of the European typical market holds numerous prospects for companies wishing to upsurge their production, by making operational usage of markets of scale. The European Union’s food industry should also look to arouse innovation and improve new products so as to thrive. All this should be carried out in a way that is courteous for the environment and which warranties safe access to farming raw materials. Boyle (2007, pg 5) TESCO is one of the companies in the European market. It is a British firm which is headquartered in England, United Kingdom, where it operates around 1,878 outlets, and also operates stores in Asia and Europe. Tesco.com is an entirely owned subordinate offering a broad online service, inclusive of tesco.net and tescodirect.com. The firm offers a wide variety of both offline and online personal financial services. Earle, (1997, pg 168) argues that, there exist other major enterprises in the food industry located in Europe. These companies include: Kerry Group; Bakkavor; Unilever; Nestle; Barilla Group; Danone; Yoplait; Paulig; Parmalat; Ferrero SpA; and Swisslion group. To begin with, Kerry Group is a public food company that has its headquarters in Ireland. It operates in 24 republics across five continents. It has a workforce of 36000 people in its technical, sales and manufacturing centres all over the world. Additionally, it supplies 15000 and above flavour products, food ingredients and food to consumers in more than 140 nations globally. Secondly, we have the Bakkavor; its headquarters are in London, England. However, it is dominant in the United Kingdom than other places. It is specialising in freshly prepared foodstuffs and has thirty-two industrial facilities in the United Kingdom, over twenty sites in five other nations. It has a workforce of 18,000 with a turnover of 1.6 billion po unds. Rayner et al. (2008, pg 150) says that, another

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers Research Paper

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers - Research Paper Example This paper underlines the need of identification of effective approaches to worker assault in the clinical workplace, particularly the necessary responses, programs and interventions that can reduce or prevent both patient violence and its adverse effects on mental health workers. Violence towards staff members who work as mental health professionals has received considerable attention over the years. Assaults against mental health workers caused by their psychiatric patients are a great concern as its outcomes have adverse outcomes on the victim. While some professionals assert that violence is inherent in their occupation as mental health workers and that they possess the skill and knowledge necessary to cope with such violence. In spite of such beliefs, mental health workers may suffer a number of physical and psychological effects brought about by their violent patients. As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on viole nce that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Surveys will be administered to the health care professionals and their patients.... What are the effects of age, gender, and static and dynamic risk factors on the violent behavior of patients towards health care professionals in mental health care settings? 2. What are the physical and psychological effects of violence caused by mental health patients on health care professionals in the workplace? 3. What are the strategies used in effectively managing violent situations and avoiding similar occurrences in the future? Project Rationale As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on violence that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Su rveys will be administered to both the health care professionals and their patients. The collection of secondary data will help provide a clear foundation that will enable the researcher to gain a comprehensive view of the content and other related factors to be examined. Moreover, as primary data will be collected through surveys, these will be interpreted through statistical analysis that may further increase the reliability of the findings. Through these, suitable conclusions and recommendations can be established. Significance of the Study In numerous high-risk areas, including inpatient psychiatric units and emergency departments, it is highly expected for violent behavior to be demonstrated by patients. Mostly, direct caregivers experience the assaults, although all

The Unresponsive Bystander Essay Example for Free

The Unresponsive Bystander Essay In the chapter â€Å"Where There’s Smoke,† Latane and Darley (1970) narrate the proceedings and outcomes of their experiment employing the use of smoke as treatment which serves to illustrate further the validity of the authors’ contention that the presence of other people actually deters an individual from reacting decisively to a potential emergency. Through the â€Å"smoke experiment, Latane and Darley were able to observe the individual behavior of the bystander in a simulated emergency environment and later prove their thesis that â€Å"the constraints on behavior in public combined with the processes of social influence would lessen the likelihood that members of three-person groups would act to cope with the emergency. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"smoke† research is primarily a social science experiment where the presence of other people is considered the variable in determining what Latane and Darley coin as the â€Å"bystander intervention in emergencies.† Under the guise of conducting an interview on the problems of urban life, the target respondents—male Columbia University students residing on or near the campus— are invited to participate in the experiment through a telephone call without any other means of contact with the experimenters. They are subsequently assigned into three categories: the alone group or the control group, where the respondents are left by themselves in the experiment room; the two-passive confederates group or the first variable group, where the respondents are joined in by two other men pretending to be respondents to the experiment; and the three naà ¯ve bystanders group or the second variable group, where there were three respondents all at once in the same room. All categories of respondents were made to answer a questionnaire supposedly on the problems of urban life and while they were doing this, smoke was slowly piped in through a small vent in the wall of the room as a stimuli; the basic assumption being that the smoke would â€Å"create   an ambiguous but potentially dangerous situation† or, as the title suggests, lead the respondents in the room into thinking that something was burning. The smoke, generated by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride and water vapor, was allowed to filter in a few minutes after the respondent had started on the questionnaire and continued to pour into the room until the respondent decides to report it. After four minutes it would fill the room â€Å"enough to obscure vision, produce a mildly acrid odor, and interfere with breathing.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Results of the research, although expected, were interesting. As predicted, the respondents in the Alone category â€Å"behaved in a very reasonable manner† in which, after moments of indecision and hesitation he promptly investigated and reported the presence of smoke to â€Å"somebody in the hall who looked as if he belonged there.† On the other hand, majority of those left in the room with the two passive confederates, â€Å"coughed, rubbed their eyes, and opened the window† but failed to report the incident even if it had filled the room to an uncomfortable level. Those in the three naà ¯ve bystanders group performed similarly to the two passive confederates group despite the fact that there should have been thrice as many chance that the smoke would be promptly reported as in the Alone category. In the post-experiment interview conducted later, the experimenters found out that those who did not report the smoke uniformly â€Å"rejected the idea that it was fire† and instead created â€Å"an astonishing variety of alternative explanations† which disregarded the potentially dangerous nature of the source of smoke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the experiment proves their thesis, Latane and Darley warn the reader from jumping to conclusions or expecting similar results in predicting the individual behavior of human beings, or what they call bystanders, in times of emergencies when there are other people around but in distinctively different settings. They demonstrate, for instance, how the results of the smoke experiment may not be wholly applicable when fire breaks out in a theater or when any other emergency arises in a crowded place. They are quick, however, in pointing out that in a crowd of a thousand people, there would be a thousand chance that someone will react impulsively—or curiously—to the stimuli and report it promptly to the audience, creating a much bigger potential disaster such as a stampede.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The smoke experiment therefore affirms the applicability of the social impact theory by showing a possible explanation by which an individual, in the presence of other people, is more likely to restrain his or her reactions in the face of an emergency or a potential emergency. It enhances the theory further by showing how individuals tend to act in conformity with others, how individuals tend to act out what they believe is expected of them by others, and how society, in turn, is able to define the norms and rules by which human beings conduct their daily lives, their reactions, and their expectations of others.

Case Analysis: Land Rover North America Essay -- Business Case Study

1) Background Analysis: General Market Assessment: In the 90's, the SUV was looking to become a highly contentious market, however, with a new emphasis on the Leisure SUV. This was where LRNA will be able to maximize its market share, and perhaps grab a foothold on the market. Competition and behavior: The SUV industry in North America was becoming increasingly competitive, with "over 30 SUV models, their prices ranging from $10,000 to $60,000. Market leaders were Jeep and Ford, with Jeep having a strong heritage in the USA much in the same was as Land Rover did in the United Kingdom. Jeep itself had three lines; much in the way Land Rover was trying to carry various lines for different segments of the market. The international impact on the North American SUV sales was modest, and the luxury segment of the SUV class was about to become more competitive with new products from the likes of Mercedes and Lexus. Company Analysis: Land Rover started off in the UK and was able to market itself on its heritage. When it made the jump to North America, it had banked on this British heritage. Land Rover North America (LRNA) had initially started off in respectable terms as a somewhat boutique firm, with a staff of 15 and 60 dealers. Recently they have taken a decision to move from a niche player with unit sales of 5,000 to a bigger player in the US SUV market. One of the key areas that they are focusing on is the introduction of the Land Rover Discovery. Current: Currently, LRNA has switched from a corporate identity based solely on the Range Rover, to the overall umbrella brand of Land Rover, which it self has multiple sub brands (or vehicles) one of which is the Discovery. With the decision of branding and introducing the Discovery... ...(TV and Print Mix) Corporate Identity 4.5 million Discovery Identity 4.5 million Land Rover Defender 3 Million Range Rover 3 Million 15 Million Corp. Sponsorships Tread Lightly 25,000 Camel Trophy 240,000 General Fees 115,000 Mt Washington 20,000 400,00 Experienced Marketing Programs Website 150,000 Dealer Driving Experience 20,000* 300,000 * Promotions Treasure Hunt 5000 - 60000 60,000 Exhibit 3: Timeline Jan ‘ 94 Second Quarter Fourth Quarter Corporate Rebranding Ad and TV Marketing Tie in entire product line with Around Discovery Marketing Campaign showing the Land Rover Family ________________________________________ Feb ‘ 94 Introduction Third Quarter Of Discovery Introduction of Land Rover Centers and New Product Announcements

Identification After Gender Essay

Time episode â€Å"Fionna and Cake† and reading â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† the expectations of genders are exposed through the reversal of roles in both of these pieces. The characters in these stories clearly demonstrate the expectations that certain males and females must negotiate in order to expose the problems when there is labeling of certain genders. Judith Butler’s analysis of gender is that it is performative- meaning that nobody really is a gender from the start; after watching the video and reading the text for this exercise, t is clear that Fionna and The Knight expose the misconceptions of gender throughout societies today. In our society today there are certain notions that many people have about what are â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† for males and females to wear, think, and act. There are certain things that are expected out of males- a toughness about them, an attitude that declares them as â€Å"the man of the house†- that is unfairly labeled upon every male in our society. Females are expected to be the ones who constantly act â€Å"girly’ and let the males do everything involving manual labor- this is an unfair label that is placed upon every female in our society. The video that Judith Butler takes part in is an example of a certain female who does not believe in conforming with the problems of the rest of our society- taking a stand against the â€Å"normal ideas† of the public. Judith Baker’s ideas are expressed throughout â€Å"Fionna and Cake† and â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† when Fionna , The Lady, and The Knight expose these misconceptions by swapping roles; The Lady and Fionna act as the males, while Prince Gumball and The Knight act as the females. The idea that Fionna and The Lady â€Å"act as the males† in these stories define the problem that our society has when it omes to the definition of males and females. There are certain expectations that must be fulfilled when it comes to being seen as a male or female, but in these two pieces (video and story), the main characters both reject the expectations, or try and fulfill them unsuccessfully. In the Adventure Time episode â€Å"Fionna and Cake† Fionna and Prince Gumball act as their opposite gender in many ways. Throughout â€Å"Fionna and Cake† Fionna refuses to completely fulfill these expectations that are placed among most females. Fionna goes through the majority of the video as a tomboy who would rather carry weapons in her person than make-up. However, by the end of the video she adapts to the â€Å"normal† expectations for females by dressing up in a dress and trying to flatter Prince Gumball. In order for Fionna to expose the expectations of certain genders, Fionna goes to the extreme limit when trying to act as a boy; for there is nothing more â€Å"manly’ for a human-being to do than to save someone’s life. Fionna saves Prince Gumball, which in turn creates a relationship between the two that was not there before. It becomes evident that there is a gender swap in this video when Fionna is the one who is catching Prince Gumball when he falls from the ceiling. o infatuate Fionna, portraying the inner-man of Princess Ice, and getting the inner- woman out of Fionna. Fionna Justifies the ideas of Judith Butler’s by showing the audience that it took awhile for her to find her preferred gender- switching preferences multiple times between the beginning and end of the video. Fionna proves that any female can be happy doing â€Å"male-type† things, but also can be happy with a man, which goes against the norm of being a â€Å"tom boy. † By the end of the story it is clear that Fionna chooses to give up the â€Å"girly’ personality that is expected mong women, while consistently being herself, and attracting the Prince of her dreams. In the reading â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† The Knight and his Lady successfully pull off an epic gender swap that The Knight would not be very proud of. Throughout the beginning of the story the Lady constantly criticizes her husband for being lazy and not being a â€Å"chivalrous† Knight. Because she questions the Knight’s manhood, the Knight forces himself to make a change. The Knight then tries to fulfill the expectations of Knights in our society by creating fake battles in the forests to impress his wife. Because he does a bad Job of faking his fatigue and injuries after these fake battles, the wife begins to catch on to his tricks. The wife then follows him to the next â€Å"battle† realizing that what he was saying the whole entire time was a fraud. Butler’s applications to gender being performative comes into play here, because the Knight tries so hard to be a â€Å"man† -that his life turns upside down because of it. The Knight’s wife then brings back another guy to the house, knowing that because her husband is a â€Å"woman† in her eyes, he will not even think about doing anything to harm her. When the Knight realizes that his attempt at conforming to the public’s interpretation ofa knight has failed, he feels as though he is a failure- for the only important in most knights’ life is the chivalrous way in which they live. A Knight’s expectation is to be the most brave, genuine, and honest guy of all; however, in this case the knight’s wife was more of a knight than he was. The Knight in this story tried to adapt to the expectations that are naturally placed on him, and instead of adapting he completely failed at his attempt. Most people are better off being their atural-selves than trying to fulfill the expectations that others place on them. After analyzing Fionna, Prince Gumball, The Knight, and his wife, it is obvious that being yourself leads to the most happiness between one and their partner. Fionna maintains her inner-boy personality and ends up being the happiest girl in the world. The Knight tries to change his personality and ends up watching his wife hang out with another man. Judith Butler’s ideas really make sense after analyzing these characters because of the way in which characters can reject the expectations of their gender and be completely happy because of it.

HR Plan of Action for QV Solar LLC Essay

QV Solar LLC has experienced rapid growth that has seen an increase it its staff from 15 to 54 last year in spite of the global economic recession. In order to maintain the position and develop the company as a â€Å"green† company, the Company’s HR proposes a series of strategies that will encourage change and an increase in productivity. The policies will mainly focus primarily on improving the efficiency of the Company’s current workforce since hiring of new employees will not be an immediate viable scheme. The plan will target making the staff understand the company’s mission better by reevaluating their roles and understanding what is specifically expected of them for enhanced success of the company. In order to realize effective change among staff, the HR will target capacity building and teamwork as key concepts of management and ensure that adequate resources are provided to facilitate creation of an environment that favors much success. The HR will design a structure that facilitates constructive feedback from all departments in order to facilitate a systematic flow of information at various organization levels. The smooth flow of information will ultimately lead to the development of better opportunities for a more rapid growth of the company. QV Solar LLC’s HR Plan of Action will be based on Joel Ross and Michael Kami’s opinion that â€Å"managers should avoid organizational rigor mortis†¦ that change is inevitable, and the organization as well as its people must accommodate the change (McConnell 315). The plan of action will also embrace the fact that the only thing that lasts in organizations is change. That change is with organizations and keeps accelerating them. This change will not be produced by internal action only but will also be a factor of external actions- such as consideration of the value of customers to the company (McConnell 315). The HR will focus on changes in product innovation by ensuring that solar panels are tailored as per customer specifications. In order to achieve this, QV Solar LLC should focus on feedback from staff when they install solar panels for customers. Along this line, staff should be trained to facilitate better installation and human relation with customers. The training program will entail integration of staff and customer ideas to ensure that the solar panels are of the highest quality and thus promote QV Solar LLC as a â€Å"greener† company. The training program will be followed by a follow-up evaluation to monitor its effectiveness with a view that customers’ ideas are vital for the Company’s success. The Company’s objective to maintain a clean environment will be facilitated by incorporating customers in a program where they can return their panels to the company for recycling as a means of exercising corporate responsibility. This will also emphasize the fact that change is realized not only from within an organization but also from customers and the prevailing environment. In order to capture a larger share of the market, the HR will review staff performance from time to time and ensure that their skills are constantly ameliorated. This will be will be achieved by ensuring that the employees can work in various departments in different capacities in order to develop a multiplicity of skills that will enhance the company’s productivity without necessarily having to hire more staff. In summary, QV Solar LLC’s Plan of Action will entail strategies that aim at improving productivity by improving the efficiency of employees while recognizing the customer as the most important part of the organization.

Feminism in Roger and Dodger Film

Feminism in Roger and Dodger Film Introduction This essay evaluates feminism as depicted in the film ‘Roger Dodger’ by Dylan. In his film, Dylan Kidd presents the two genders in a scintillating and amusing way. The theme of gender is captured in scenes in a plot that invoke drama, comedy, romance and sex.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in Roger and Dodger Film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Throughout the film, the actors, both the men and women, are engaged in battle of wits that oscillates around gender definitions and prescriptions. As the film ensues, one gets the feeling that women cannot outmatch the intelligence of men. Dylan portrays majority of the female actors in the movie as naà ¯ve and susceptible to male calculations. The plot of the movie tends towards portraying women as inferior to men given majority of the women in the movie fall into traps set by men very easily. Roger, the star in the movie, orchestrates the gender battle through a series of romantic scenes that depict women as the weaker sex. Women are depicted as not capable of standing their ground and thus are generally susceptible to men’s selfish maneuvers. Character of Women Dylan Kidd’s movie portrays or brings out heroism in men and depicts women in low light. The male characters are the heroes in the movie while female actors in the movie have despicable roles. In this film, Dylan Kidd portrays some sharp contrasts in the character of female actors. Some characters are gullible and submissive while some other female characters are ready and willing to stand for their dignity and assume leadership roles. Theme Development in the Plot To develop the plot, Kidd employs a genre atypical of a female author. The author shows clearly that the acts of one woman are not qualified to represent the fullness of other women’s character, choices and actions. It is only a gender sensitive male or a female author that can appreciate such a fact. The whole plot revolves around how the gender divide plays out or how male and female interact in society. The main character in the movie is Roger. After being dumped by his girl friend, Roger opts to indulge in pleasure by seeking good-looking girls for sex. He, therefore, opts to visit the singles nightclub to try his luck. His mission, at first, seems futile. The initial futility experienced in the mission spurs Roger into intensifying his search. His search finally gets him to an underground brothel. The desire for sex makes him somewhat crazy and he did not care who came his way. A nephew came visiting and although, initially, Roger is unhappy about his nephew’s (Nick) visit, the idea of helping him break his virginity excites him. Therefore, Roger commences lessons for Nick on â€Å"the art of seduction†. From their discussions and actions, it is clear that both of them have low respect for women.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their first lesson is in the singles club where they encounter Jennifer and Elizabeth. The two women are tough nuts to crack. Both women detect the men’s motives before hand and they stand their ground; they refuse to give in to Nick’s advances. Both Jennifer and Elizabeth are principled and they represent women who value dignity and are ready to defy exploitation. Joyce, the former girl friend to Roger, portrays similar qualities. Although, in the movie, she was always on and off, she portrays a unique character that refuses to compromise her dignity by not falling for the tempting proposal from his employee, Rodger. Despite the fact that she lowers herself to indulge in an affair with her employee, she eventually stopped it. Feminism Roger is a drunken womanizer accustomed to hanging in bars and nightclubs. His attitude towards women helps us to have a clear understanding of the level feminism in the film. The fact that Roger managed to have some women to hang up with, despite his drunken state, points to fact that majority of the women were indifferent towards championing or standing up for their rights and dignity. He further exposes them as naà ¯ve and unable to live without male influence. Hence, the film portrays majority of women as weak and unwilling to detach themselves from the traditional ideology that subjects women to the control of men. As Roger relates, all women are equal and are subject to men’s advances. Due to this notion, he accepted with a delight to guide his nephew to ditch his virginity. However, once his first mission backfires, he is left puzzled by the determination of Elizabeth and Jennifer (Berardinelli 1). These two women remain exceptional in their character as they set an example for others. From nick’s underground exploits, we realize that some women are desperate for men to lay them. Joyc e’s secretary is drunk and she readily gives in to Nick’s approaches. Although she is under the influence of alcohol, her lack of control leaves many questions about women’s resolve to curtail male dominance. It is interesting to see Nick decide to allow her to recover from alcohol influence before indulging in sex with her (Berardinelli 1). This scenario shows that some women are contented in their plight of being under men’s control.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in Roger and Dodger Film specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Men and Fight for women rights Since majority women seem effortless or non-committal to championing for their rights, the film is indicative of the role men can play in championing women rights. The movie presents a change of attitude by Roger who drags Nick from sleeping with prostitutes. Rogers is a talented orator with a convincing tongue that charmed many women towards his malicious and selfish gains. He understood that all women, without exception, were susceptible to advances from men. His determination to lay his employer speaks all about his ability to seduce and attract women to himself. In addition, Roger is rich in speech and his talks with women reveal that he is a master of the seduction game. He promises his nephew (Nick) that he will sleep with a woman on the first night out. Although this does not happen, Nick had the opportunity and he is consciously aware that he allowed it to slip out of his hands. The film reveals the richness of the Roger’s creativity in the quest to satisfy his sexual drive (Berardinelli 1). However, in all this, one can also discern the capacity of men to be part of the feminism drive i.e. as fellow seekers after respect for women’s rights and dignity. Conclusion Dylan Kidd has effectively been able to use the genre atypical of female writer. In the movie, he portrays some women as ha ving the ability to stand the conniving approaches of men. However, the eloquent Roger seems irresistible and a master of seduction as he endeavored to indulge himself in sex. The way women fell for him really showed that some of them were vulnerable and unable to champion for the feminism aspirations. The film shows that most women were unwilling to fight for their rights or dignity and it is up to the men to surrender their dominance willingly. Berardinelli, James. Roger Dodger. 2011. Web. reelviews.net/movies/r/roger_dodger.html

The Shooting Death of Oscar Grant

The Shooting Death of Oscar Grant On New Years Day 2009, an Oakland police officer shot and killed an unarmed, pinned suspect. The officer, Johannes Mehserle, was arrested on murder charges on January 14th, 2009. The trial  began on June 10, 2010. Heres what happened: Passengers Detained On January 1, 2009, at approximately 2 a.m., officers of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) responded to reports of a fight on an Oakland subway car. They detained approximately 20 passengers. One of the passengers, who witnesses say was not actually involved in the fight, was 22-year-old Oscar Grant. Grant Captured Grant, a local grocery store butcher, and the father of a four-year-old girl were unarmed. He approached police in what appeared to be a nonviolent manner and was backed against the wall. In one video, he can be seen kneeling and pleading with police for reasons that are not yet clear. Some eyewitnesses say that he had already begun asking police not to shoot him. Officers restrained Grant and pinned him, face down, on the pavement. It is not clear whether he was handcuffed at this point. Shot to Death As shown in a widely disseminated cell phone video of the shooting, Grant was restrained by two officers. A third, 27-year-old Johannes Mehserle, then drew his service pistol and shot Grant fatally in the back. Current Status Mehserle quietly resigned from BART and has issued no statements regarding his reasons for the shooting. An internal investigation is pending. An attorney for Grants family has filed a $25 million wrongful death lawsuit against the city.On January 14th, 2009, Johannes Mehserle was arrested and charged with suspicion of murder. Theories Because Mehserle shot Grant in front of dozens of witnesses, including other police officers, it is difficult to fathom why he would have chosen this opportunity to execute a suspect in cold blood. Alternate theories suggest that he may have mistaken his pistol for a Taser (unlikely given the fact that BARTs Tasers bear no resemblance to firearms and require cartridges to be pre-loaded), or may have felt something while frisking Grant, such as a cell phone, that he mistook for a weapon. Our visceral impression of the shooting is similar to that of one expert quoted by the San Francisco Chronicle in a recent interview: We  assumed the shooting was accidental until we saw the video, but Mehserles relative calm at the moment the gun discharged is jarring. ... Roy Bedard, who has trained police officers around the world, advanced a different theory after his first viewing of the video: that the shooting was a pure accident, a trigger pulled because of a loss of balance or a loud noise. But in an indication of how the videos might move the investigation, Bedard reached a different conclusion after viewing the shooting from a different angle. Looking at it, I hate to say this, it looks like an execution to me, he said. But we  cant fully accept this explanation because we dont understand why Mehserle, whose wife was pregnant and gave birth to a son within days of the shooting, would execute a suspect in public. That doesnt make any sense. We need more data- we all do. The trial may have brought us closer to understanding why Mehserle killed Oscar Grant. But whether it does or not, this killer should be held fully accountable for his actions.

Poem analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poem analysis - Essay Example The poem has no specific setting since it describes the struggles of a man rather than where he is, but it could be argued that the setting is that of a house since that is where the author would feel most lonely without the presence of his wife. From this poem is it clear that no matter how attached or how much pain we experience after losing a loved one, we eventually learn to live without them. The poem talks about the author’s grief for his dead wife and how he finally managed to cope with his loss. The whole poem is one huge metaphor of a man stressed with the weight of the box on him while in the real sense the whole scenario actually represents the author struggling with his grief over losing his wife. All 13 lines of the poem are metaphors describing the grief of the author. For example, the author says, â€Å"He manages like somebody carrying a box that is too heavy, first with his arms underneath† (line 1-3). The writer vividly explains how he managed to get on with his daily routines after his wife died, how hard it was to live a normal life with her around. The author uses hyperbole when he says that he managed to life but like someone carrying a box that is too heavy for him such that he has to use his entire body to hold the weight. He uses this exaggeration to help the reader understand the intensity of his pain and grief. The author carries on with the metaphor until the finale of the poem where he says â€Å"but now, the man can hold underneath again, so th at he can go on without putting the box down† (line 11-13). The author simply says that after much struggle with his grief he eventually learned to deal and handle it so well that he could almost live a normal life without sadness and a sense of loss. By symbolizing his experience with grief with a man struggling with a heavy box, the author has managed to make the reader experience his

Immigration to America after the Civil War Essay

Immigration to America after the Civil War - Essay Example Immigrations to the United States after the Civil War had many economic benefits and a few negative implications to the country. Labor was at the center of focus after the abolition of the slave trade. An aberration from the trend seen in 1860, the number of workers compared to the total population rose from 33% to 40%, this represented growth by a factor of 2.7 between 1870 and 1920 (Walton & Rockoff 319). This prompted need for labor that ended up facilitating migration of people to the United States. The lives of the people who worked as slaves were fully transformed since there was no more forced labor. On the other hand, the large-scale farmers had a difficult moment adjusting to the new system of operations. This led to failure of some and rising of small-scale producers, who took advantage of the labor boycott by the slaves. The deficit created in terms of labor attracted foreigners who came to America in large numbers. In addition, the situation was aggravated by other extern al factors as the Irish Potato Famine in Ireland. The rise in population because of immigration acted as a catalyst to the rise of the rapid industrialization experienced between 1877 and 1900. The number of immigrants rose to more than seven million during the period. This was accompanied by a tremendous increase in population from 49 million in 1880 to 76 million in 1900 (White 1). The immigrants occupied most parts of America except the southern parts that were fully occupied by American farmers and industrialists. Many industries came up while those affected by the war restructured prompting the demand for additional labor. New production processes were initiated and research was intensified in order to facilitate industrial development. By 1900, many industries stood tall in provision of quality goods and services. This enhanced competition and trade (White 1). Increasing population facilitated a change in the demand and supply dynamics. The increased population provided a broa d market for goods and services, a factor that made it possible to increase the supply. In order, to take care of the supply needs individuals and corporate emerged with solutions to handle the increased supply. There was need for shelter that facilitated initiation of housing projects, need for food that boosted agriculture, the need for clothing facilitated the revamping of cotton farming and establishments of ginneries among other establishments. This demand created high production that facilitated trade within the country as well as opened new frontiers of business especially in Europe (White 1). The immigration rate was a blessing in disguise, since some of the immigrants helped reconnect America with their mother countries hence facilitating knowledge sharing and trading activities. Surplus production increased tremendously. Immigrations to the United States triggered economic changes that were politically motivated. It is worth noting that during the Civil War, there was a gr eat rift between the people of the southern parts of United States and the federal government under Abraham Lincoln. The people of south had an ideological difference with the leadership of the federal government since they wanted to retain slave trade (Digital History 2). Immigration facilitated an anti-democratic movement that was meant to put restriction on voting rights. The movement

The Cost of Wal-Marts Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly Essay

The Cost of Wal-Marts Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly - Essay Example The essay "The Cost of Wal-Mart’s Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly" analyzes the prices of Wal-mart. Wal-Mart helps the poor by providing low prices, but it can do better as an employer by offering competitive wage levels and benefits to its full-time workers, and promoting a culture of efficiency and equal opportunities, not unfair labor practices. Wal-Mart is good for the poor and the working class because it offers low prices and provides jobs, while being at par with other retailers in terms of Medicaid consumption. Wal-Mart, because of its sheer size, can maximize its economies of scale and scope to offer low prices every day. It is dedicated to driving down prices, so that it can pass its savings to consumers, and the effect is so large that Jason Furman of New York University compares Wal-Mart to a welfare program: â€Å"Wal-Mart's discounting on food alone boosts the welfare of American shoppers by at least $50 billion a year". The savings from shopping at Wal-Mart is significant enough, that consumers are saving billions of dollars every year. Aside from consumer savings, Wal-Mart is the world’s biggest retailer, so it is not surprising that it is the biggest private employer too. Olsson reports the extent of business and employment of Wal-Mart: â€Å"The company is the world's largest retailer, with $220 billion in sales, and the nation's largest private employer, with 3,372 stores and more than 1 million hourly workers†. The sales of the company enable it to hire millions of workers. ... Medicaid dependence is a concern for Wal-Mart too, but one which is not far from retailer companies in general. Mallaby reveals that 5 percent of Wal-Mart’s workers are on Medicaid, but this is a retail industry standard (357). The national average is 4 percent for all firms, so Wal-Mart’s effect on welfare usage is not worse than other firms. Considering these savings, employment, and use of Medicaid, Wal-Mart helps the poor and the working class. Despite these advantages, Wal-Mart has to work on its labor issues, in order to truly help the poor and the working classes, and the first step is improving wage levels and benefits to full-time workers. Olsson interviewed workers who revealed that Wal-Mart pays $16,000 to $18,000 a year (342). Jennifer McLaughlin, who works at Wal-Mart Supercenter #148, shares that her yearly wages reach only $16,800 (Olsson 342). Health benefits are not covered too. Wal-Mart provides the option of health insurance, but because it would â₠¬Å"deduct up to $85 from her biweekly paycheck of $550,† McLaughlin and numerous employees choose to rely on Medicaid (Olsson 342). McLaughlin is already with Wal-Mart for three years, and she deserves a more competitive pay and benefit package. Wal-Mart earns hundreds of billions of dollars every year, and it can use some of its millions to enhance the pay and benefits of its workers. Apart from low pay and poor benefits, Wal-Mart should be more concerned of the health and morale of its workers by not underpaying and overworking them. McLaughlin and other interviewed employees expose that some Wal-Mart managers force people to work overtime without pay (Olsson 345). Lawsuits are already filed against Wal-Mart for unpaid overtime. Wal-Mart cannot help the poor and the

Food Processing in Agricultural Regions

Food Processing in Agricultural Regions Agricultural regions in any country, including the United Kingdom, have historically been seen as poorer neighbours to the more industrialised areas of any particular country (Pierpont 1997). This position has been brought about mainly as a result of the fact that pay, employment opportunity and economic output tends to be lower than other areas of industry. The logistical problem in terms of transport and flexibility of workforce is also a contributory factor. Consequently, many agricultural regions have seen a significant decline in fortunes and employment during the course of the past three decades. In an effort to these problems, governments at local, national and regional levels have been seeking to produce a range of strategies that will support and regenerate agricultural, the results of which have met with mixed levels of success. Irrespective of the help afforded to them, many agricultural areas still remain relatively weak. Where improvements are achieved, often it is at the expense of the agricultural industry itself. For example, promotion of cultural tourism, whilst it may benefit some agricultural communities, does not address the core issues, namely improving the indigenous industry and food production chain. However, recent studies carried out have suggested that there may be another way to approach the issue. This research, as reported by Peter Pierpont (1997), suggests that if the development of food processing is encouraged within an agricultural area, it can result in an increased level of prosperity, producing subsequent improvements in employment, economic output and the GDP per head (Pierpont 1997). Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is to evaluate the hypothesis set by Peter Pierpont (1997) and to ascertain if the development of food processing in agricultural areas can provide a route to prosperity. To assist with the analysis for this purpose the UK agricultural regions of Cornwall and Wales will be used as case studies, with other agricultural regions within the UK and Europe being used for comparative purposes. Concentrating on the UK in particular, to enable the goals of this research to be achieved it is intended to focus the paper upon the following objectives: Provide an analysis of the historical development of the agricultural industry, paying particular attention to this sector within the United Kingdom. To provide a detailed analysis of the two selected agricultural areas, which will include the past and present economic and employment positions. Analyse and evaluate the impact that the development of food processing has upon selected agricultural regions. Evaluate the synergy that is said to exist between the agricultural and food processing industries. Overview of the research Following this introduction, chapter two provides a brief background of the development of both the agricultural and food processing industries. This is followed by a critical literary review within chapter three. Chapter four provides details of the methods used for the research required for this paper, with the findings from resulted from the research are analysed and discussed in full in chapter five. The conclusion of this study, together with any recommendations that are considered appropriate, are outlined in chapter six. Chapter 2 Background Following the advances in technology over the course of the past three decades, there have been significant changes witnessed both within the agricultural and food processing, as they exist in the UK. UK Agricultural Industry Following WWII, the concentration upon the economic value of British agriculture came a poor last place to other industries as the UK sought to rebuild its economic position. Thus agriculture was basically left to fend for itself as it sought to compete with an increasing level of food products being imported from overseas markets (Greer 2005, p.86). In line with the general industry trends, in both of the selected areas there has been a decline in the agriculture economy during the course of the past three decades, despite the fact that the rural areas have historically relied upon this industry to maintain their local communities. In the UK the rural farming decline has been exacerbated by the concentration of farming methods undertaken by large corporations together with the increasing levels of imported produce, which can be purchased at prices that the UK farmers cannot compete. Similarly, the pressure from retailers for lower pricing has reduced the competitiveness of the local farms. Evidence of these events can be seen from the following (figure 1). This table shows how, during the past decade the agricultural industry contribution to the UK economy has fallen to nearly half of its 1996 value and the GDP by two thirds. Furthermore, whilst our exports in this area have remained relatively static, imports have increased by nearly 40%, which has affected the country’s self-sufficiency levels. Similarly, although net farm incomes have steadily increased since 1999, the total income from farming has halved, which indicates the size of the agricultural resources that have been lost since the turn of the century. The concentration of farming into bigger units has been more pronounced in the UK, with an average farm size of 66.7 hectares, than most other areas of Europe, as is evidenced from the following table(figure 2). Even in countries such as France and Germany farm sizes are significantly smaller. Figure 2 Farm Sizes At the same time as the above results were being witnessed, there was also a significant drop in employment within the industry. This was partially due to the economic position of Agriculture, but at the same time the historical tradition of offspring following their parents onto the farms was also being broken, with less enthusiasm being shown for taken over the role of farmers due to the long hours of work required for relatively low levels of return. Figure 2 shows how severe this decline was in the five years to 2000, with a loss of over sixty thousand employees in that period representing nearly ten present of the previous workforce. The loss of skilled workers resulting from persons leaving the industry served to exacerbated the economic problems that it was experiencing. Figure 3 Fall in workforce In the case of Cornwall, much of this decline has also been fuelled by the increasing concentration upon the tourism attraction of the area. For example, due to the economic benefits, many traditional farmers have transferred the usage of parts of their agricultural landform food production to activities that will capture a share of the tourist market, such as campsites and caravan parks. The position in Wales has become even more extreme than Cornwall. Central Wales is a more remote location than its Cornish counterpart, with a low internal level of infrastructure and a less developed transportation systems, which makes it less accessible for business and consumers alike. As a result, local businesses and services such as health care have closed or transferred their services to towns and cities, and much of the rural population has followed. This situation, together with the economic decline in agriculture as previously outlined, has led to many farms in the area becoming economically unviable. UK Food Processing Industry Food processing is defined as being any method or technique that issued to transform the raw product, being meat, vegetable, cereals another food products, to an edible dish for the average human. Without this part of the supply chain our diets would be more limited than they are today, with less variety to choose from and a more seasonal aspect to the food we purchase. Therefore any process, from the preparation of meat at the Butchers to the preparation of ready-made meals for consumer consumption on sale in supermarkets is a part of this process. Food processing also increases the durability of the product, increasing the shelf and use life, which has the effect of reducing waste whilst at the same time increasing the quantity of supply. Indeed, as the BNF (Factsheet 2000) rightly observe, â€Å"without food processing it would not be possible to sustain the needs of modern urban populations. Prior to the advent of new industrialisation methods, mass production and the new technology area, the majority of the food processing system was conducted at a local level. However, subsequent to these events, the food processing systems and organisations became centralised into the more industrialised areas of the country. The major contributory factors behind this evolution of the food processing industry away from local to a central location was partially dictated by the increased access to labour, which due to its proximity to the workplace was in plentiful supply at a lower cost, together with the advent of the mass production process. In addition, such areas of the country and region enjoyed easier access to the national and international transport network. All of these advantages meant that the businesses involved could reduce costs and increase the speed of the production process. The centralisation of the food-processing sector of the supply chain was also driven by changes in consumer demands and expectations. As supplies became more plentiful and the retail supermarket phenomena expanded throughout the country the consumer demanded lower prices in the food sector. To deliver this supermarkets needed to reduce their own costs, which could only be achieved by them having access to centralised purchasing outlets, rather than the previously diverse and expensive distribution network. One abnormality that has arisen from this development is that often products harvested locally are often transported out of their local area to be processed and then returned to the shops within the same locality for sale through stores. For example, the raw milk product could be collected from the dairy farmer, transported to a processing plant a distance away from that farm and then, once it has been processed into the carton that we see on supermarket shelves, re-transported back to the local supermarket in the same area. Chapter 3 Literature Review Agricultural industry Much has been written about the UK agricultural industry over the years and regarding the way it has developed, and there are a variety of views regarding the way it should develop in the future. Hector(1969) believes that in essence the industry has developed on the basis of an internal colony, with each area being a part of, but in essence operating as a separate unit from the whole. Indeed, if one looks at the UK just after the war, when â€Å"home gardens and allotments used to be vital sources of food† (Petty 2002, p.185), it is easy to see how this insular and separate attitude can develop. In the first half of the twentieth century the British people had a very independent manner and were set in their ways. This contributes to the reason why, despite advances that have been made in agriculture over the years, in earlier section of his research Petty (2002, p.72) discovered that, in the main, the processes used to produce food on modern farms is still very conventional. Despite the fact that the agricultural industry as an element of the National economy has become significantly less important over the years, there are still certain areas where it is considered to have an essential impact on the local community in terms of the revenue it contributes (Greer 2005, p.74 and p.77). These include such regions as Wales, with its unique hill farming industry, East Anglia for the cereal output and, to some extent, Cornwall for its wheat and grain. In Wales for example, over a wide area of the country agriculture is still the industry that is central to the regions community and economy. However, despite this fact the area has still witness a reduction in the number of people employed in agriculture (Jones 1999, p.185 andp.309). As has been noted earlier, most other agricultural regions, including Cornwall have experienced a similar decline in the employment base. Nevertheless, in terms of preserving the countryside and agricultural industry, there is still somewhere in the region of eighteen million hectares of land in the United Kingdom that is used for agricultural purpose (Petty 2002, p.30), for which an effective management strategy has needed to be developed over the years. Certainly, if the UK wishes to halt the decline in the levels of self-sufficiency However, as has been widely recorded, efforts to revitalise the industry have been thwarted by several events that have had an adverse effect upon the industry. For example, in early 2001, as noted by Agriculture (2007), the decline was exacerbated by a serious outbreak of foot and mouth within the animal population and this, followed by health risks from BSE and swine fever, severely curtailed the agricultural industry’s ability to expand within both the home and international market places. Following these events, and in an effort to reposition the importance of agriculture within the economy, the NFU , one of the most active representative bodies for the industry campaigned for the government and the EU to create an innovative plan in an effort â€Å"to restore public confidence in home produced food† (Greer 2005, p.40). Similarly, farmers in Wales in the late part of the last century engaged in a series of active protests, which were aimed mainly at reducing the effect that subsidised imports In response to these concerns and also as a result of the initiatives set in place by the European Union, DEFRA has produced and discussed a number of strategies over recent years. With the central focus of these being action required nationally to seek a restructure of the agricultural industry into a more efficient sector (Greer 2005, p.129),the organisation’s purpose is to restore the former prosperity of the regions. Whilst maintaining the unified approach, development plans have been set in place for â€Å"England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland† (Greer 2005, p.41). However, it has been recognised that to prosper, agriculture has to seek new and innovative ways to add value to its industry, which entailed a certain level of diversity from traditional methods and approaches if the industry was to achieve recovery and become competitive nationally and internationally. Initially some areas, such as Cornwall, have taken the â€Å"colonial â€Å"approach discussed within Hector (1969) and sought other ways of increasing their individual incomes and prosperity. As has already been mentioned, in this particular region, many turned to tourism for this result. However, with the advent of â€Å"cheap† flights and travel, even this opportunity is now in decline. Thus the industry needs to look for more sustainable options. To this end Peter Pierpont (1997) suggested research shows that combining the development of food processing within the agricultural regions may provide a positive option. Food Processing As with any are of industry, a range of supplementary operations has grown around agriculture. These indirectly include such organisations as financial institutions, equipment manufacturers and suppliers and the chemical and biotechnology organisations. However, the most directly linked ancillary industry to agriculture is food processing (Greer 2005, p.49). It is totally apparent that the two industries and inter-dependent. From the food producers to the processing and packaging operations and then on to the retailers, all of these areas are an integral part of the food supply chain. As has been previously noted, in the past the agricultural industry and regions have tended to remain separate from the rest of the food supply chain. The perceived advantage of this approach was seen to be that farmers felt comfortable and confident within their own business environment and, as long as they were producing the required levels of products, saw this as their main income generator. However, the disadvantage was that, as the retail industry became more organised and, with the development of supermarkets and other price conscious outlets, so they began to have more influence upon the agricultural industry, forcing down prices and demanding higher yields and quality, all of which added to the economic difficulties being experience within the agricultural regions. However, European Union regional data strongly suggests that agricultural regions that have taken it upon themselves to develop the food processing industry at a local level have seen increased value-added to the industry itself (Pierpont 1997) although, in his study he suggests that the structure of the French farming industry has given it an advantage in this area over their Cornish counterparts, despite the geographical and socio-economic similarities. Nevertheless, in Cornwall and other agricultural areas of the UK, those within the agricultural industry are beginning to take notice of the agro-food approach. For example, a group of growers and farmers from the southwest regions of Cornwall across to Hampshire have formed their own â€Å"organic marketing co-op,† (Petty 2002, p.112) which provides a better value basis for the sale of products to the retail market. Similarly, in Wales certain regions have created action plans for their agricultural industries which includes integrating more of the food processing and supply aspect of the food chain within their region, thus enabling them to benefit from the added-value of a resource that had previously not been available to them (Greer 2005, p.194). It is argued by researches that creating a more localised food processing sector within the agricultural regions, where farmers and producers can be more directly involved with other areas of the food chain, including preparation, distribution and marketing, will produce positive results in terms of the financial stability and growth within the farming and rural communities. Summary It is clear from the research that has been carried out into agriculture, that there is a need to address the decline within the industry, which as can be seen from figure 1 (page 7 of this report)has fallen by ten present in the last decade. The majority of this research shows that the last three decades have seen a consistent decline in the fortunes of the industry, both in terms of its economic value to the UK economy as a whole, and in relation to employment statistics. Some researchers see developing the food processing industry within the agricultural regions as the way forward and the route to prosperity. The question is whether this theory is supported by the facts within the areas being used as a case study in this paper. Chapter 4 Research Methodology Research objective Within the introduction section of this study, the four key objectives for the research were outlined. The research into how the agricultural industry has developed, particularly in relation to United Kingdom provides essential background information, which will assist in understanding why these areas have become of such concern to government and non-governmental organisations over recent decades. The choice of Cornwall and Wales for the case study is appropriate because in the case of the former, much attention over recent decades has been concentrated upon developing the tourism attraction, rather than agricultural needs of the area. Wales provides a much larger agricultural environment, which has to compete with small pockets of heavily industrialised regions, specifically on coastal areas. Food processing, up until the last decade, has been seen mainly as an industrial activity and therefore it is important to understand how the transfer of this activity to agricultural regions has both evolved and to what extent the case study areas have benefited from this latest development. Similarly, as an integral part of this area of research, the relevant synergies will provide a better understanding of the basis for accuracy of the hypothesis. Choice of research approach Due to the nature of the area being research, it is felt that the qualitative method or research, which uses primary data as its basis(Collis and Hussey 2003, p.53), would not have been appropriate. The questionnaire and research based approach, whilst useful, would not have provided the necessary detailed research information that is required for the purpose of adding to the understanding of the issue of food processing development in agricultural regions, apart from giving some indication as to how the various stakeholders, specifically those who operate within the respective industries, have reacted to this evolution. The significant level of research and statistical data required for this study led the author to believe that the quantitative research approach would be a more productive approach. In an endeavour to ensure the reliability of the data researched, a wide and diverse range of sources has been used for this study (Collis and Hussey 2003. p.71). This situation provided the author with the ability to cross-refer and check the accuracy, impartiality and validity of the information gathered, which enables the highest possible level of objectivity to be attached to the conclusions and recommendations reached. Industry Data With regards to the data relating to the agricultural and food processing industries, this has been acquired from a variety of sources, which includes UK and EU government departments and other industry associations and observers. Included within this data is the relevant statistical information from UK and EU surveys. Additional data was obtained from Internet sources, books, journals and other industry and economic sources. Wherever possible prime sources have been used for data gathering, particularly in relation to the strategies and policies that have been suggested and implemented by teak and EU governments. This data includes current and suggested policy documents. Selected areas case study In keeping with the advices given by researchers such as Collis and Hussey (2003), a substantial amount of time has been expended in digesting all of the material available in relation to the agriculture industry in Cornwall and Wales, to make sure that the chosen material was apposite to the objectives and questions being sought. Furthermore, data from organizations active within the two selected areas was also used. These sources, together with others, were used to obtain past and future strategic information as well as for outlining the current position of the agricultural and food processing industries in both of these regions of the country. To provide objectivity in regards to this data, industry reports and independent research carried out bother experts in the respective industries were also reviewed. The reason for the choice of these two areas is that, whilst there are similarities in terms of their agricultural heritage, they differ in terms of economic and political development and evolution. Politically Cornwall is still an integral part of the UK political structure, whereas Wales has a degree of devolved power. Economically Cornwall has attracted a wider diversity of activities and services, particularly within the tourism sector, whereas this has impacted upon Wales to lesser extent. In order to achieve a comparative benchmark for the case study, the areas selected have been assessed against similar regions within other member states of the European Union. In this instance, information from the EU itself and various sources within the selected nation states, have been used. Chapter 5 Findings, Analysis and Discussion To enable an analysis of the hypothesis that was set at the commencement of this paper, it was decided to use two distinct Agricultural regions, these being Cornwall and Wales for the reasons that have been outlined previously. Agricultural regions – Cornwall Cornwall is set in the South West of the UK. Although it is traditionally an agricultural region, it has perhaps become better known since the Second World War as a tourist area. Nevertheless, it still has a significant agricultural base within its economy, which is still seen as one of the primary industries for the county (Cornwall County Council 2007), with a growth in the number of holdings during the period from 1997 to 2001 (see figure 4), which compares favourably with the movement in England as a whole. However, the industry has seen significant reduction in the areas committed to the raising of cattle and sheep livestock, which reflects the overall difficulties that have been generally experienced in this area as a result of disease epidemics such as BSE and also the inroads being made by foreign imports. Despite recent declines, it is seen as one of the foundations for strong rural communities, but the industry can only retain this position by increasing employment, which through current agricultural methods and strategies is not happening. Figure 4 Farming in Cornwall However, despite the apparent improvement seen above, this has not translated itself into improvements on the employment issue. As can be seen from the following table (figure 5), the numbers of people employed within the agricultural industry are continuing to fall. Despite the fact that in comparison to England, Cornwall has suffered less, the Cornwall County Council (2007) do not see this downward trending their region being reversed in the immediate future, with the majority of the remaining workforce consisting of owners and tenants(Cornwall County Council 2007, 3.38). Figure 5 Agricultural employment Cornwall Agricultural regions – Wales Agriculture in Wales, because of the internal terrain, is most known for its Hill Farming element. It has a substantially higher level of holdings than Cornwall, spread over a greater land mass (see figure 6). Figure 6 Farms in Wales In terms of employment the region, like Cornwall, has seen a consistent decline in the numbers during the past decade, although as the following table shows, there was a slight improvement in the figures during 2004 (see figure 7). Figure 7 Agricultural employment in Wales Causes of Agricultural decline Some of the responsibility for the current position and trends has been levelled at the â€Å"cost-price squeeze† effect that is currently taking place within the food chain, with consumers consistently demanding lower retail prices. Whilst it is true that this has had significant impact on the industry, it is not the sole cause of the current position. Three other significant factors have also had an adverse effect. Æ’Â   Disease. The perceived lack of safety in British foods following the incidences of foot and mouth, BSE, swine fever and, more recently, outbreaks of avian flu (Haynes 2007) has also had a significant impact upon consumer’s and buyer’s both confidence in the UK and abroad. The fact that these have occurred within a relatively short period of each other has done little to improve the recovery position of the industry as a whole, the timescale of which has been extended as a result of these events. Æ’Â   Technology usage. Apart from the larger corporate farm holdings the use of modern technological advances within agriculture within the smaller holdings has not been taken advantage of to the extent that other industries have respond to this area of business to the same extent. This is presumably due to the older age demographics of the older owners and tenants, together with the time constraints that they experience as a result of low levels of employment. Based upon the lack of profitability of many small farms, another contributory factor tithe lack of new technology resources in use results from the limited financial resources available to purchase the equipment and training necessary for such innovations. Æ’Â   Finally, the local â€Å"colony† attitude as indicated by Hector (1969)is still in evidence in many rural and farming areas. The psychological position of a large element of the agricultural community is resistant to change, a situation that makes impr ovements for greater efficiency difficult to implement. National and Regional Strategies There have been a number of initiatives instigated with regard to the agricultural industry, particularly from the European Union, although these and those that have come from the UK authorities, have not been met with unanimous approval. In the case of the EU strategies there Isa body of opinion that this limits national action. As Alan Greer(2005) states in the introduction to his study on the agricultural industry, â€Å"there is a widespread assumption that the existence of a CAP across the European Union undermines the capacity of states to construct their own national policies.† To a certain extent the comment made by Greer is true. As will be seen within this section of the paper, a large proportion of the strategies and policies relating tithe UK agricultural industry have in fact come into existence as a result of EU discussions and directives. Irrespective of these comments, it is important to remember that the European Union as a whole commits in excess of forty-five billion dollars each year in support of farmers throughout the member states. Therefore it is fair to state, as Cardwell (2004, p.8) does that â€Å"Agriculture enjoys numerous advantages in the operation of the Legislative process and bureaucracy.† Whilst it may be true that the major part of these funds are utilised in the purchasing and storage of surplus products such as beef, wheat, milk and butter, before selling it to other nations, usually within the developing and third world(Gardner 1996, p.3), this still represents a significant level of state aid. The Common Agricultural Policy seeks to achieve fairness of competition within the EU, whilst at the same time providing aid. The potential drawbacks of this policy is that it still leaves farmers vulnerable to policy changes and increases in costs that are not fully reflected within the subsidies. For example in Wales, which benefits from CAP, the increases in prosperity that it has brought to the hill farmers in the area could disappear if policies change and the EU or local authorities felt that this was providing the area with an unfair advantage, or changed the conditions in relation to eligibility (Jones1999, p.320 and Cardwell 2004, p.227). In terms of cost increases, during the reform of the CAP system it has already been noted that these increases had an adverse effect upon the UK arable industry as awhile (Gardner 1996, p.148). Thus it would be true to say that such policies only remain appropriate should all other factors remain the same. In the UK in 2002, the government commissioned a report on the future of farming and food (Curry 2002) in an attempt to define strategy, which would led to a more sustainable for the future of agriculture and those who work within the industry. One of the main conclusions of this report (Curry 2002, p.109) was that farming had â€Å"become detached from the rest of the economy and the environment.† There port also suggests that this position has been reached partly as a result of the substantial subsidies, which its authors believed should be ended (Curry 2002, p.110). To address this position the report suggests that new research bodies, comprising of representatives from all the industry stakeholders, including the consumer, should be set, which will include within its remit, the setting up of â€Å"demonstration farms† to be used as models of economic success in farming. One comment within th